In What States Can Physician Assistants (PAs) Practice Independently?

Location is an important consideration for any job, but it’s especially crucial for physician assistants (PAs). That’s because when comparing all 50 states, some offer more practice autonomy than others, with each state having its own rules around physician assistant independent practice. For locum tenens PAs who travel from state to state on short- and long-term assignments, knowing what you are (and aren’t) allowed to do on the job is an important thing to know before taking work. Wondering in what states can physician assistants practice independently? Let’s take a look at physician assistant independent practice by state. 

Physician Assistant Independent Practice: PA Scope of Practice by State for 2025 

Each state has different rules around what physician assistants are allowed to do when working.  Here is the current physician assistant scope of practice by state as of December 2024:

Confused by what “reduced,” “moderate,” “advanced,” and “optimal” mean when it comes to PA scope of practice? Continue reading for full definitions of each term. 

Physician Assistant Scope of Practice Explained

The AAPA outlines four practice categories that states use to determine PA scope of practice. The four practice categories are defined by the AAPA accordingly:

• Optimal – PAs can practice to the full extent of their medical education, training, and experience. PAs continue to collaborate, consult, and/or refer to the appropriate member(s) of the healthcare team as indicated by the patient’s condition, the PA’s competencies, and the standard of care. The healthcare team, and/or their employer, may establish guidelines for collaboration, consultation, and/or referral beyond state laws and regulations.
• Advanced – PAs practice to the full extent of their medical education, training, and experience, but must comply with additional administrative requirements as mandated in state law and/or regulation.
• Moderate – State law and/or regulation requires additional administrative burdens that impact the practice environment. The PA and the healthcare team are limited in flexibility due to these administrative burdens.
• Reduced – State law and/or regulation restrict the healthcare team and PAs’ ability to practice in at least one element of PA practice. Requires outdated practice models of limited delegated authority and/or restrictive supervision requirements.

Can physician assistants (PAs) practice independently?

Physician assistant independent practice is not black and white—it all depends on what you mean by “independently.” Physician assistants do not possess the same level of autonomy as nurse practitioners (NPs)—in fact, NPs can practice independently with full practice authority in 26 states. Physician assistants, on the other hand, require supervision from a physician to some degree in every state. This degree of supervision varies dramatically from state to state.

That doesn’t mean there hasn’t been progress towards greater independence for physician assistants. This decade, Iowa, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming have eliminated the legal requirement for a specific relationship between a PA and a physician or any other healthcare provider, with some minor exceptions. 

In what states can physician assistants (PAs) practice independently?

Iowa, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming are the six states where PAs experience the most independence, making them the most PA friendly states. These are the only states the AAPA grades as an “Optimal Practice” environment for PAs.

While it has historically been impossible for a physician assistant to truly operate alone, these six states are the closest to the states where PAs can practice independently, having only recently eliminated the legal requirement for a specific relationship between a PA and a physician or any other healthcare provider.

Can a PA open their own practice?

Yes, physician assistants can open their own practice but scope of practice laws still apply. This means it depends on the state in which the PA is looking to open their own practice. PAs looking to open their own practice are more likely to find success in states that have “Optimal” PA scope of practice.

In what states can a PA open their own practice?

The most PA friendly states when it comes to owning your own practice are Iowa, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. In other states with expanded scope of practice, physician assistants must collaborate with a physician in order to practice medicine. But again, the extent of the physician’s involvement depends on each state’s individual regulations.

Challenges Facing Physician Assistants

Much of PAs’ scope of practice is determined on-site, at the practice level. Some states require PAs to pass a state-level exam and/or limit the number of PAs with whom a physician may practice. Although this may seem prudent to manage physicians’ workload, it can cause problems in areas that suffer from the ongoing physician shortage.

For more information about a PA’s capabilities and limitations, visit “Can a PA Do That?“

The Best States for Physician Assistants

The best states for physician assistants are located in the East, North Central, and West. Many states are beginning to rethink the role of PAs, especially in light of the recent decision surrounding the revision of the AAPA’s “Guidelines for State Regulation of PAs.” It may not immediately impact what states physician assistants can practice independently, but these changes grant PAs greater autonomy and more opportunities to practice.

The East

Massachusetts, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and Vermont are PA friendly states that provide an excellent practice environment and have all six key elements of a modern PA practice.

• Massachusetts
  • The Bay State is one Northeastern state that allows PAs considerable autonomy. The capital, Boston, is known for its robust medical community, and the Leominster-Gardner area, a Boston suburb, offers some of the most competitive salaries and promising employment rates in the nation.
• North Carolina
  • As one of the friendliest states for PAs, North Carolina lacks many of the heavy restrictions its neighbors place on PAs. Raleigh, the state capital, offers a high average salary.
• Rhode Island
  • Similar to how it treats NPs, Rhode Island is also a welcoming state for PAs. Although it doesn’t offer as competitive a salary as other states, its general understanding and accommodating attitude toward laws that affect healthcare professionals is a refreshing option for those looking to work as a PA.
• Vermont
  • The Green Mountain State also offers autonomy to PAs and allows their scope of practice to be determined at the practice level. Ranking right below North Dakota in annual mean salary, the state pays well above the national average and has a welcoming job market.

Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, and New Jersey follow closely behind, having five of the six key elements.

North Central

Michigan, Minnesota, and North Dakota have all six key elements and afford PAs the opportunity to practice in a favorable regulatory environment.

• Michigan
  • A 2016 healthcare modernization bill expanded Michigan’s scope of practice for PAs. By recognizing PAs as full “prescribers” rather than limiting their care to “delegated prescriptive authority,” the bill grants PAs greater practice autonomy than they had before. Under this new law, physicians are also recognized as “participating” instead of “supervising” physicians, removing the responsibility of supervising PA practice from physicians and granting greater autonomy to PAs.
• Minnesota
  • Legislation enacted in 2016 made the Land of 10,000 Lakes the fifth state to achieve all of the six key elements of PA practice. The new law also removed administrative burdens for PAs starting practice.
• North Dakota
  • A generally rural state, North Dakota offers some of the most autonomy for PAs. The state does not limit the number of PAs who can collaborate with a single physician and allows PA scope of practice to be determined on-site. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, North Dakota is also among the top-paying states for PAs.

The West

Alaska, Arizona, and Wyoming all allow PAs to provide patient care in a modernized practice environment. These states have five of the six key elements.

• Alaska
  • With more PAs per population than any other state and improvements to its PA practice laws, Alaska has created a great regulatory environment in which to care for patients. Having five of the six key elements, PAs are able to make critically important contributions to the state’s healthcare workforce.
• Arizona
  • Arizona is one of a handful of states that have an autonomous PA regulatory board charged with overseeing the licensure, investigation, and discipline of its own PAs. With its regulatory board and five of the six key elements, the Grand Canyon State provides PAs with a progressive practice environment and restricts only the number of PAs working with an individual physician.
• Wyoming
  • Recent legislative changes in Wyoming granted PAs the ability to complete a medical certification of death and to prescribe opiate antagonists to individuals at risk of an overdose or who may encounter another person experiencing an overdose. Besides this new authority, PAs working in Wyoming have their scope of practice determined on-site and the ability to write prescriptions.

The country’s population and healthcare system will continue to grow, and state laws must reflect the needs these changes demand. Granting PAs and NPs greater autonomy is just one way they have begun to do so. Nationwide, PAs and NPs are proving that these legislative updates help not only themselves, but also their patients. As their autonomy increases, the nation’s overall health — and its perspective on these expert healthcare professionals and their capabilities — should improve.

Want to learn more about locum tenens PA jobs with Barton Associates? Check out our latest listings now!

This article was completed with help from Dr. Melissa DeCapua, DNP, PMHNP, and former AAPA President Beth Smolko, MMS, PA-C.

Editor’s Note: This article was written in 2019, updated in 2023, and updated again in December 2024 by Mike Connors to reflect new information.